KEVOS® MAKEOS · Materials
Tensile Test Evaluation (Yield, UTS, Elongation, Reduction of Area, True Fracture)
From my tensile test readings, what are the yield and tensile strengths, elongation, reduction of area, modulus and true fracture stress, and does the material meet its specification?
Evaluation of a round tensile specimen: original area, yield strength from the 0.2% offset load, tensile strength from the maximum load (as the nominal stress of the true stress–strain tool), elastic modulus from a load and extension in the elastic range, elongation after fracture, reduction of area from the fracture diameter, true fracture stress and strain, the yield-to-tensile ratio, and checks against the specification minimums.
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How this tool works
Inputs, units and where to find them
| Input | Unit | Typical source |
|---|---|---|
| Original diameter | mm | Diameter of the reduced section before the test. |
| Original gauge length | mm | Gauge length marked before the test. |
| Load at 0.2% offset yield | kN | Load at the 0.2% offset yield point (or the upper yield point for steels with a sharp yield). |
| Maximum load | kN | Highest load reached. |
| Load at fracture | kN | Load when the specimen broke. |
| Gauge length after fracture | mm | Gauge length measured after fitting the broken halves together. |
| Diameter at fracture | mm | Smallest diameter at the fracture. |
| A load in the elastic range | kN | A load well inside the straight elastic part of the curve. |
| Extension at that load | mm | Extensometer extension over the gauge length at that load. |
| Specification minimums | ||
| Least yield strength | MPa | Least yield strength in the specification. |
| Least tensile strength | MPa | Least tensile strength in the specification. |
| Least elongation | % | Least elongation in the specification. |
Method and formulas
- A₀ = π d₀² ÷ 4; yield = F_y ÷ A₀; tensile strength = F_max ÷ A₀ (as the true stress–strain tool’s nominal stress).
- Elongation = (L_f − L₀) ÷ L₀; reduction of area = (A₀ − A_f) ÷ A₀ (A_f from the fracture diameter).
- Modulus E = (F_e ÷ A₀) ÷ (ΔL_e ÷ L₀).
- True fracture stress = F_f ÷ A_f; true fracture strain = ln(A₀ ÷ A_f).
- Example: yield 292.85 MPa, tensile 420.17 MPa, elongation 22%, reduction of area 57.75%, modulus 198.94 GPa.
Limitations
- Round specimens; flat specimens use width and thickness for the area.
- Modulus from a single point is approximate; use the slope of the elastic line.
- Example values are illustrations. Replace them with values for your actual task.
Typical uses
- Work up a tensile test report
- Check a mill certificate or test result against a specification
- Estimate modulus from extensometer readings
Who it is for
- Materials engineers
- Test laboratory technicians
- Quality engineers
What you get
- Yield and tensile strength, yield ratio
- Elongation, reduction of area and modulus
- True fracture stress and strain
Interpreting the result
- A high yield-to-tensile ratio leaves little warning before failure; ductile structural steels are usually below about 0.85.
References
- Machinery’s Handbook, 29th edition (Industrial Press, 2012), printed pp. 1331–1334. Topic reference; no source tables or recommended settings are reproduced.
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