Second Temple Judaism developed as political authority changed hands from the Persians to the Greeks, to the Jewish Hasmoneans, and finally to the Romans.
| 539–331 b.c. | 331–164 b.c. | 164–63 b.c. | 63 b.c.–a.d. 70 |
| The Persian Period | The Hellenistic Period
| The Hasmonean (Maccabean) Period | The Roman Period |